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Transit-oriented development

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color:#f9f9f9"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ccccdd">A subtopic of <a href="Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccdd"><a href="Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddee">

Also relevant to:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Carfree city</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecodistrict" title="Ecodistrict">Ecodistrict</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenway_(landscape)" title="Greenway (landscape)">Greenway</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_village" title="Transit village">Transit village</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddee">

Aspects of <a href="Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">sustainable transport</a>:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="15-minute_city" title="15-minute city">15-minute city</a></li>

<li><a href="Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">Bicycle-friendly</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_neutral_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutral fuel">Carbon neutral fuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a>

<ul><li><a href="Human-powered_land_vehicle" title="Human-powered land vehicle">Vehicle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_transport_network" title="Integrated transport network">Integrated transport network</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobility_transition" title="Mobility transition">Mobility transition</a></li>

<li><a href="Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a>

<li><a href="Road_traffic_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Road traffic safety">Road traffic safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Walking_audit" title="Walking audit">Walking audit</a></li></ul></td>

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Overviews</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline of sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index of sustainability articles</a></li></ul></td>

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<a href="Portal%3ATransport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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In urban planning, transit-oriented development (TOD) is a type of <a href="Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">urban development</a> that maximizes the amount of <a href="Residential_area" title="Residential area">residential</a>, <a href="Business" title="Business">business</a> and <a href="Leisure" title="Leisure">leisure</a> space within <a href="Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">walking</a> distance of <a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It promotes a symbiotic relationship between dense, compact urban form and public transport use.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In doing so, TOD aims to increase <a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> ridership by reducing the use of private cars and by promoting sustainable urban growth.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

TOD typically includes a central transit stop (such as a <a href="Train_station" title="Train station">train station</a>, or <a href="Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> or <a href="Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> stop) surrounded by a <a href="Urban_density" title="Urban density">high-density</a> <a href="Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">mixed-use</a> area, with lower-density areas spreading out from this center, serving as part of an <a href="Integrated_transport_network" title="Integrated transport network">integrated transport network</a>. TOD is also typically designed to be more <a href="Walkability" title="Walkability">walkable</a> than other <a href="Built-up_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Built-up area">built-up areas</a>, by using smaller <a href="City_block" title="City block">block sizes</a> and reducing the land area dedicated to <a href="Car" title="Car">automobiles</a>. In some areas, it may include <a href="Ferries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferries">ferries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Areas that center a transit station as a hub while building residential-focused TOD development in the immediate area are known as <a href="Transit_village" title="Transit village">transit villages</a>.

The densest areas of TOD are normally located within a radius of 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 mile (400 to 800 m) around the central transit stop, as this is considered to be an appropriate scale for <a href="Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrians</a>, thus solving the <a href="Last_mile_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Last mile (transport)">last mile problem</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

Many of the <a href="New_town" class="mw-redirect" title="New town">new towns</a> created after <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="France" title="France">France</a> have many of the characteristics of TOD communities. In a sense, nearly all communities built on <a href="Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclaimed land</a> in the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> or as <a href="Exurban" class="mw-redirect" title="Exurban">exurban</a> developments in <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> have had the local equivalent of TOD principles integrated in their planning, including the promotion of <a href="Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a> for local use.

In the United States, a half-mile-radius circle has become the de facto standard for rail-transit catchment areas for TODs. A half mile (800 m) corresponds to the distance someone can walk in 10 minutes at 3 mph (4.8 km/h) and is a common estimate for the distance people will walk to get to a rail station. The half-mile ring is a little more than 500 acres (2.0 km2) in size.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

Transit-oriented development is sometimes distinguished by some planning officials from "<a href="Transit-proximate_development" title="Transit-proximate development">transit-proximate development</a>" because it contains specific features that are designed to encourage public transport use and differentiate the development from <a href="Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>. A few examples of these features include mixed-use development that will use transit at all times of day, excellent <a href="Pedestrian_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian facilities">pedestrian facilities</a> such as high quality <a href="Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossings</a>, narrow streets, and tapering of buildings as they become more distant from the public transport node. Another key feature of transit-oriented development that differentiates it from "transit-proximate development" is reduced amounts of <a href="Parking" title="Parking">parking</a> for personal vehicles.

Transit-oriented development has many benefits including but not limited to:

<ul><li>Easy access to transit, making it easy to get around without a car.</li>

<li>Dense, due to TODs being made for getting around transportation, other than private vehicles, allowing access to stores and private business.</li>

<li>Improved access to jobs and city services.</li>

<li>Increased population near transit stops, such as a commuter rail stop, which ultimately increases transit ridership across the board.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul>

Opponents of compact, or transit oriented development typically argue that Americans, and persons throughout the world, prefer low-density living, and that any policies that encourage compact development will result in substantial <a href="Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> decreases and hence large social welfare costs.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Proponents of compact development argue that there are large, often unmeasured benefits of compact development<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> or that the American preference for low-density living is a misinterpretation made possible in part by substantial local government interference in the land market.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_cities">In cities</h2></div>

Many cities throughout the world are developing TOD policy. <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="Portland%2C_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and <a href="Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> among many other cities have developed, and continue to write policies and strategic plans, which aim to reduce <a href="Automobile_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dependency">automobile dependency</a> and increase the use of public transit.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curitiba,_Brazil">Curitiba, Brazil</h4></div>

One of the earliest and most successful examples of TOD is <a href="Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

Curitiba was organized into transport corridors very early on in its history. Over the years, it has integrated its zoning laws and transportation planning to place high-density development adjacent to high-capacity transportation systems, particularly its <a href="Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte" title="Rede Integrada de Transporte">BRT corridors</a>. Since the failure of its first rather grandiose city plan due to lack of funding, Curitiba has focused on working with economical forms of infrastructure, so it has arranged unique adaptations, such as bus routes (inexpensive infrastructure) with routing systems, limited access and speeds similar to subway systems. The source of innovation in Curitiba has been a unique form of participatory city planning that emphasizes public education, discussion and agreement.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guatemala_City,_Guatemala">Guatemala City, Guatemala</h4></div>

In an attempt to control the rapid growth of <a href="Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>, the long-time mayor, <a href="%C3%81lvaro_Arz%C3%BA" title="Álvaro Arzú">Álvaro Arzú</a>, implemented a plan to control growth based on transects along important arterial roads and exhibiting transit-oriented development (TOD) characteristics. The plan adopted POT (Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial) aims to allow the construction of taller mixed-use building structures right by large arterial roads. The buildings would gradually decrease in height and density as distance would increase from arterial roads.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> That is being implemented simultaneously with a <a href="Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> (BRT) system, called <a href="Transmetro" title="Transmetro">Transmetro</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico_City,_Mexico">Mexico City, Mexico</h4></div>

Mexico City has battled pollution for years. Many attempts have been made to orient citizens towards public transportation. Expansion of metro line, both subway and bus, have been instrumental. Following the example of Curitiba, many bus-lines were created on many of Mexico City's most important streets. The bus-line has taken two lanes from cars to be used only by the bus-line, increasing the flow for bus transit. The city has also made great attempts at increasing the number of bike lanes, including shutting down entire roads on certain days to be used only by bikers.

Car regulations have also increased in the city. New regulations prevent old cars from driving in the city, other cars from driving on certain days. Electric cars are allowed to be driven every day and have free parking. Decreasing the public space allocated to cars and increasing regulations have become a great annoyance among daily car users. The city hopes to push people to use more public transport.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div>

All major Canadian cities have transit oriented development policies and implementations. The main purposes of these policies has been to kerb suburban sprawl, and to increase housing supply amidst a housing crisis. In addition, it comes in response to a shifting population demographic that prefers high density living.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a>

Some cities, such as Toronto, Ottawa, and especially Vancouver, have a long history of building new communities near transit, and they often plan development and rapid transit simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-:4-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-BC_Business-22">[22]</a> Others, such as Calgary and Montréal, have only implemented TOD policies recently, and there is some debate as to whether it is better to build new transit to existing high density neighbourhoods, or build high density neighbourhoods near existing transit.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Marine_Drive_station" title="Marine Drive station">Marine Drive station</a> in Vancouver on opening day (2009)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">High-rises have since been built around the station (2018).</div></div></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Calgary,_Alberta">Calgary, Alberta</h5></div>

Calgary's Transit Oriented Development (TOD) has been evolving largely around stations along Calgary's Light Rail Transit (LRT) system, also known as the <a href="CTrain" title="CTrain">CTrain</a> network. Although Calgary's CTrain system has been around since 1981, TOD activity has been fairly recent, with much of development taking place since 2010. Most of the transit oriented development has taken place along the LRT system's <a href="Red_Line_(CTrain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Line (CTrain)">Red Line</a> especially around stations of the northwest leg with areas around stations at Brentwood, Dalhousie, and Banff Trail having seen the most development. <a href="Brentwood_station_(Calgary)" title="Brentwood station (Calgary)">Brentwood Station</a> for example, with multi-building developments such as University City, has seen almost 900 residential units<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> built in the last eight years within the 600m radius of Brentwood station, as well as proposed developments that are in the works. On the south leg of the Red Line the massive Midtown Station proposal is a reversal from previous TOD builds where development is built around existing stations. In the case of Midtown Station,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> the proposal is along the CTrain line, but includes building a new station solely for the purpose of serving the development.

For The City of Calgary, TOD's are an ongoing process, but the city has published policy guidelines and implementation strategies for Transit Oriented Development.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Edmonton,_Alberta">Edmonton, Alberta</h5></div>

Most of the suburban high rises were not along major rail lines like other cities until recently, when there has been incentive to do so. <a href="Century_Park%2C_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Century Park, Edmonton">Century Park</a> is a growing condo community in southern Edmonton at the south end of the <a href="Edmonton_LRT" title="Edmonton LRT">Edmonton LRT</a> system. It will include low to high rise condos, recreational services, shops, restaurants, and a fitness centre. Edmonton has also had a transit-proximate development for some time in the northeastern suburbs at <a href="Clareview_station" title="Clareview station">Clareview</a> which includes a large park and ride, and low rise apartments among big box stores and associated power center parking. Edmonton is also looking into some new TODs in various parts of the city. In the northeast, there are plans to redevelop underutilized land at two sites around existing LRT, Fort Road and <a href="Stadium_station_(Edmonton)" title="Stadium station (Edmonton)">Stadium station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In the west, there is plans to have some medium density condos in the <a href="Glenora%2C_Edmonton" title="Glenora, Edmonton">Glenora neighborhood</a> along a future LRT route as well as a TOD in the southeast in the <a href="Strathearn%2C_Edmonton" title="Strathearn, Edmonton">Strathearn neighborhood</a> along the same future LRT on existing low rise apartments.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kitchener-Waterloo">Kitchener-Waterloo</h5></div>

The <a href="Ion_rapid_transit" title="Ion rapid transit">Ion light rail</a> line in <a href="Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Kitchener-Waterloo</a> initiated large amounts of new construction along the corridor, despite the city region being the smallest in North America to host a tramway. The first stage of the line created 19 000 new housing units along its length, as well as large scale industrial and commercial developments, valued at $5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Montreal,_Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</h5></div>

According to the Metropolitan Development and Planning Regulation<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> as of late 2011, 40% of new households will be built as TOD neighborhoods.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ottawa,_Ontario">Ottawa, Ontario</h5></div>

Ottawa encourages high density development within 600m of all rapid transit stations, including both the bus rapid transit <a href="Transitway_(Ottawa)" title="Transitway (Ottawa)">Transitway</a> and the city's <a href="O-Train" title="O-Train">urban rail</a> system, with the goal of creating feature complete mixed use communities within walking distance to transit. The city simultaneously discourages auto oriented development, such as parking lots, in the same areas.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

This has had the effect of creating many tower clusters far outside the city centre, with stations like <a href="Lincoln_Fields_station" title="Lincoln Fields station">Lincoln Fields</a> and <a href="Lyc%C3%A9e_Claudel_station" title="Lycée Claudel station">Lycée Claudel</a> having entire neighbourhoods appear around them.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Toronto,_Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</h5></div>

Toronto has a longstanding policy of encouraging new construction along the route of its primary <a href="Yonge%E2%80%93University%E2%80%93Spadina_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonge–University–Spadina line">Yonge Street subway line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[21]</a> Most notable are the development of the <a href="Yonge_and_Eglinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonge and Eglinton">Yonge and Eglinton</a> area in the 1960s and 1970s; and the <a href="North_York_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="North York Centre">present development</a> of the 2 km of the Yonge Street corridor north of Sheppard Avenue, which began in the late 1980s. In the period since 1997 alone the latter stretch has seen the appearance of a major new <a href="Empress_Walk" title="Empress Walk">shopping centre</a> and the building and occupation of over twenty thousand new units of <a href="Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominium</a> housing. Since the opening of the <a href="Sheppard_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheppard line">Sheppard subway line</a> in 2002, there is a <a href="Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominium</a> construction boom along the route on Sheppard Avenue East between Yonge Street and Don Mills Road.

In addition to the subway, transit oriented development has also started to be prioritised for regional rail stations, such as <a href="East_Harbour_Transit_Hub" title="East Harbour Transit Hub">East Harbour GO</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vancouver,_British_Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</h5></div>

Vancouver has a strong history of creating new development around its <a href="SkyTrain_(Vancouver)" title="SkyTrain (Vancouver)">SkyTrain</a> lines<a href="#cite_note-BC_Business-22">[22]</a> and building regional town centres at major stations and transit corridors.<a href="#cite_note-CityLab-34">[34]</a> In addition, the <a href="Government_of_British_Columbia" title="Government of British Columbia">Government of British Columbia</a> has legislated policy that all development within 800m of rail, and within 400m of bus interchanges, must be high density.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Of note is the <a href="Metrotown%2C_Burnaby" title="Metrotown, Burnaby">Metrotown</a> area of the suburb of <a href="Burnaby" title="Burnaby">Burnaby</a>, <a href="British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> near the <a href="Metrotown_station" title="Metrotown station">Metrotown SkyTrain Station</a>. The areas around stations have spurred the development of billions of dollars of high-density real estate, with multiple high-rises near the many stations,<a href="#cite_note-BC_Business-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-CityLab-34">[34]</a> prompting concerns about rapid <a href="Gentrification_of_Vancouver" title="Gentrification of Vancouver">gentrification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Winnipeg,_Manitoba">Winnipeg, Manitoba</h5></div>

There is currently one TOD being built in Winnipeg beside the <a href="Winnipeg_Rapid_Transit" title="Winnipeg Rapid Transit">rapid transit corridor</a>. It is known as The Yards at Fort Rouge,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and was spearheaded by the developer Gem Equities. In phase two of the southwest rapid transit corridor, there will be four more TODs.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> This phase is an interesting example of the use of fine arts in parallel with transit planning, making several of the stations sites for public art related to the social history of the area.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Arlington_County,_Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</h5></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aerial view of <a href="Rosslyn-Ballston_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosslyn-Ballston corridor">Rosslyn-Ballston corridor</a> in <a href="Arlington_County%2C_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>. High density, mixed use development is concentrated within ¼–½ mile from the <a href="Rosslyn_(WMATA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosslyn (WMATA station)">Rosslyn</a>, <a href="Court_House_(WMATA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court House (WMATA station)">Court House</a> and <a href="Clarendon_(WMATA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon (WMATA station)">Clarendon</a> <a href="Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Washington Metro</a> stations (shown in red), with limited density outside that area.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Street-level view of the area around the <a href="Ballston%E2%80%93MU_station" title="Ballston–MU station">Ballston–MU station</a>, also in Arlington County, Virginia. Note the mixed-use development (from left to right: ground floor <a href="Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> under apartment building, office buildings, shopping mall (at the end of the street), apartment building, office building with ground floor retail), <a href="Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrian</a> oriented facilities including wide sidewalk, and <a href="Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">bus stop</a> facility in the center distance. <a href="Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a> in this location is limited, relatively expensive, and located underground.</div></div></div></div></div>

For over 30 years, the government has pursued a <a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">development strategy</a> of concentrating much of its new development within 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 mile (400 to 800 m) from the county's <a href="Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Washington Metro</a> <a href="Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> stations and the high-volume bus lines of <a href="Virginia_State_Route_244" title="Virginia State Route 244">Columbia Pike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Within the transit areas, the government has a policy of encouraging <a href="Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">mixed-use</a> and <a href="Walkability" title="Walkability">pedestrian-</a> and transit-oriented development.<a href="#cite_note-arlingtonva.us-41">[41]</a> Some of these "<a href="Urban_village" title="Urban village">urban village</a>" communities include <a href="Rosslyn%2C_Arlington%2C_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosslyn, Arlington, Virginia">Rosslyn</a>, <a href="Ballston%2C_Virginia" title="Ballston, Virginia">Ballston</a>, <a href="Clarendon%2C_Arlington%2C_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon, Arlington, Virginia">Clarendon</a>, <a href="Courthouse%2C_Arlington%2C_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Courthouse, Arlington, Virginia">Courthouse</a>, <a href="Pentagon_City%2C_Arlington%2C_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentagon City, Arlington, Virginia">Pentagon City</a>, <a href="Crystal_City%2C_Virginia" title="Crystal City, Virginia">Crystal City</a>, <a href="Lyon_Village%2C_Arlington%2C_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon Village, Arlington, Virginia">Lyon Village</a>, <a href="Shirlington%2C_Arlington%2C_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirlington, Arlington, Virginia">Shirlington</a>, <a href="Virginia_Square%2C_Virginia" title="Virginia Square, Virginia">Virginia Square</a>, and <a href="Westover%2C_Arlington%2C_Virginia" title="Westover, Arlington, Virginia">Westover</a>.

In 2002, Arlington received the <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>'s National Award for Smart Growth Achievement for "Overall Excellence in <a href="Smart_Growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart Growth">Smart Growth</a>" — the first ever granted by the agency.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

In September 2010, <a href="Arlington_County%2C_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>, in partnership with <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, opened <a href="Capital_Bikeshare" title="Capital Bikeshare">Capital Bikeshare</a>, a <a href="Bicycle_sharing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle sharing system">bicycle sharing system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grist-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT092010-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> By February 2011, Capital Bikeshare had 14 stations in the <a href="Pentagon_City" title="Pentagon City">Pentagon City</a>, <a href="Potomac_Yard" title="Potomac Yard">Potomac Yard</a>, and <a href="Crystal_City%2C_Virginia" title="Crystal City, Virginia">Crystal City</a> neighborhoods in Arlington.<a href="#cite_note-grist-43">[43]</a> Arlington County also announced plans to add 30 stations in fall 2011, primarily along the densely populated corridor between the <a href="Rosslyn%2C_Virginia" title="Rosslyn, Virginia">Rosslyn</a> and <a href="Ballston%2C_Virginia" title="Ballston, Virginia">Ballston</a> neighborhoods, and 30 more in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-expansion-46">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_Jersey">New Jersey</h5></div>

<a href="New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> has become a national leader in promoting <a href="Transit_village#New_Jersey_Transit_Village_Initiative" title="Transit village">Transit Village</a> development through a program known as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/">Transit Village initiative</a>. The <a href="New_Jersey_Department_of_Transportation" title="New Jersey Department of Transportation">New Jersey Department of Transportation</a> established the Transit Village Initiative in 1999, offering multi-agency assistance and grants from the annual $1 million Transit village fund to any municipality with a ready to go project specifying appropriate mixed land-use strategy, available property, station-area management, and commitment to affordable housing, job growth, and culture. Transit village development must also preserve the architectural integrity of historically significant buildings.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Transit Village districts are defined by the half mile radius surrounding the transit station. To become a Transit Village, towns must meet the following criteria: have existing transit, demonstrate a willingness to grow, adopt a transit-oriented-development redevelopment plan or zoning ordinance, identify specific TOD sites and projects, identify bicycle and pedestrian improvements, and identify "place making" efforts near the transit station, such as community events, celebrations, and other cultural or artistic events.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

Since 1999 the state has made 35 Transit Village designations, which are in different stages of development:

<a href="Pleasantville%2C_New_Jersey" title="Pleasantville, New Jersey">Pleasantville</a> (1999), <a href="Morristown%2C_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown</a> (1999), <a href="Rutherford%2C_New_Jersey" title="Rutherford, New Jersey">Rutherford</a> (1999), <a href="South_Amboy%2C_New_Jersey" title="South Amboy, New Jersey">South Amboy</a> (1999), <a href="South_Orange%2C_New_Jersey" title="South Orange, New Jersey">South Orange</a> (1999), <a href="Riverside_Township%2C_New_Jersey" title="Riverside Township, New Jersey">Riverside</a> (2001), <a href="Rahway%2C_New_Jersey" title="Rahway, New Jersey">Rahway</a> (2002), <a href="Metuchen%2C_New_Jersey" title="Metuchen, New Jersey">Metuchen</a> (2003), <a href="Belmar%2C_New_Jersey" title="Belmar, New Jersey">Belmar</a> (2003), <a href="Bloomfield%2C_New_Jersey" title="Bloomfield, New Jersey">Bloomfield</a> (2003), <a href="Bound_Brook%2C_New_Jersey" title="Bound Brook, New Jersey">Bound Brook</a> (2003), <a href="Collingswood%2C_New_Jersey" title="Collingswood, New Jersey">Collingswood</a> (2003), <a href="Cranford%2C_New_Jersey" title="Cranford, New Jersey">Cranford</a> (2003), <a href="Matawan%2C_New_Jersey" title="Matawan, New Jersey">Matawan</a> (2003), <a href="New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick</a> (2005), <a href="Journal_Square%2C_Jersey_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal Square, Jersey City">Journal Square/Jersey City</a> (2005), <a href="Netcong%2C_New_Jersey" title="Netcong, New Jersey">Netcong</a> (2005), <a href="Elizabeth%2C_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth/Midtown</a> (2007), <a href="Burlington%2C_New_Jersey" title="Burlington, New Jersey">Burlington City</a> (2007), the <a href="Orange%2C_New_Jersey" title="Orange, New Jersey">City of Orange Township</a> (2009), <a href="Montclair%2C_New_Jersey" title="Montclair, New Jersey">Montclair</a> (2010), <a href="Somerville%2C_New_Jersey" title="Somerville, New Jersey">Somerville</a> (2010), <a href="Linden%2C_New_Jersey" title="Linden, New Jersey">Linden</a> (2010), <a href="West_Windsor%2C_New_Jersey" title="West Windsor, New Jersey">West Windsor</a> (2012), <a href="East_Orange%2C_New_Jersey" title="East Orange, New Jersey">East Orange</a> (2012), <a href="Dunellen%2C_New_Jersey" title="Dunellen, New Jersey">Dunellen</a> (2012), <a href="Summit%2C_New_Jersey" title="Summit, New Jersey">Summit</a> (2013), <a href="Plainfield%2C_New_Jersey" title="Plainfield, New Jersey">Plainfield</a> (2014), <a href="Park_Ridge%2C_New_Jersey" title="Park Ridge, New Jersey">Park Ridge</a> (2015), <a href="Irvington%2C_New_Jersey" title="Irvington, New Jersey">Irvington</a> (2015), <a href="Hackensack%2C_New_Jersey" title="Hackensack, New Jersey">Hackensack</a> (2016), <a href="Long_Branch%2C_New_Jersey" title="Long Branch, New Jersey">Long Branch</a> (2016), <a href="Asbury_Park%2C_New_Jersey" title="Asbury Park, New Jersey">Asbury Park</a> (2017), <a href="Newark%2C_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a> (2021), and <a href="Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a> (2023).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

Many neighborhoods in New York City are close to a New York City Subway station, this allows easy transport throughout the cities’ neighborhoods and central business districts. To maximize the usage of the New York City Subway, many subway stations are surrounded by transit-oriented development, with high-density residential and commercial buildings surrounding the subway station. Neighborhoods include, but are not limited to, <a href="Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">Downtown Brooklyn</a>, <a href="Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>, <a href="Long_Island_City" title="Long Island City">Long Island City</a>, and <a href="Sunnyside%2C_Queens" title="Sunnyside, Queens">Sunnyside</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Many downtowns in the <a href="New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Greater New York Area</a> also are walkable with a central <a href="Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">regional rail</a> station.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</h5></div>

The <a href="East_Liberty_(Pittsburgh)" title="East Liberty (Pittsburgh)">East Liberty</a> neighborhood is nearing completion of a $150 million Transit Oriented Development centered around the reconfigured East Liberty Station on the city's <a href="Martin_Luther_King_Jr._East_Busway" title="Martin Luther King Jr. East Busway">Martin Luther King Jr. East Busway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The development included improved access to the station with a new pedestrian bridge and pedestrian walkways that increase the effective walkshed of the station. The East Busway is a fixed guideway route that offers riders an 8-minute ride from East Liberty to Pittsburgh's Downtown.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Salt_Lake_City_Metro_Area,_Utah">Salt Lake City Metro Area, Utah</h5></div>

The <a href="Salt_Lake_City_metropolitan_area" title="Salt Lake City metropolitan area">Salt Lake City Metro Area</a> has seen a strong proliferation of transit-oriented developments due to the construction of new transit lines within the <a href="Utah_Transit_Authority" title="Utah Transit Authority">Utah Transit Authority</a>'s <a href="TRAX_(light_rail)" title="TRAX (light rail)">TRAX</a>, <a href="FrontRunner" title="FrontRunner">FrontRunner</a> and streetcar lines. New developments in <a href="West_Valley_City%2C_Utah" title="West Valley City, Utah">West Valley</a>, <a href="Farmington%2C_Utah" title="Farmington, Utah">Farmington</a>, <a href="Murray%2C_Utah" title="Murray, Utah">Murray</a>, <a href="Provo%2C_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo</a>, <a href="Kaysville%2C_Utah" title="Kaysville, Utah">Kaysville</a>, <a href="Sugarhouse_(Salt_Lake_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugarhouse (Salt Lake City)">Sugarhouse</a> and <a href="Downtown_Salt_Lake_City" title="Downtown Salt Lake City">downtown Salt Lake City</a> have seen rapid growth and construction despite the economic downturn. The population along the <a href="Wasatch_Front" title="Wasatch Front">Wasatch Front</a> has reached 2.5 million and is expected to grow 50% over the next two decades. At 29.8%, Utah's population growth more than doubled the population growth of the nation (13.2%), with a vast majority of this growth occurring along the Wasatch Front.

Transportation infrastructure has been vastly upgraded in the past decade as a result of the <a href="2002_Olympic_Winter_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Olympic Winter Games">2002 Olympic Winter Games</a> and the need to support the growth in population. This has created a number of transit-oriented commercial and residential projects to be proposed and completed.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="San_Francisco_Bay_Area,_California">San Francisco Bay Area, California</h5></div>

The <a href="San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> includes nine counties and 101 cities, including <a href="San_Jose%2C_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="Oakland%2C_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a> and <a href="Fremont%2C_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont</a>. Local and regional governments<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> encourage transit-oriented development to decrease traffic congestion, protect natural areas, promote public health and increase housing options. The region has designated <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100126212409/http://www.bayareavision.org/pda/">Priority Development Areas</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100126212349/http://www.bayareavision.org/pca/">Priority Conservation Areas</a>. Current population forecasts<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> for the region predict that it will grow by 2 million people by 2035 due to both the natural birth rate and job creation, and estimate that 50% of this growth can be accommodated in Priority Development Areas through transit-oriented development.

Major transit village projects have been developed over the past 20 years at several stations linked to the <a href="Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">Bay Area Rapid Transit</a> (BART) system. In their 1996 book, Transit Villages in the 21st Century, <a href="Michael_S._Bernick" title="Michael S. Bernick">Michael Bernick</a> and <a href="Robert_Cervero" title="Robert Cervero">Robert Cervero</a> identified emerging transit villages at several BART stations, including <a href="Pleasant_Hill_/_Contra_Costa_Centre_(BART_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleasant Hill / Contra Costa Centre (BART station)">Pleasant Hill / Contra Costa Centre</a>, <a href="Fruitvale_(BART_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruitvale (BART station)">Fruitvale</a>, <a href="Hayward_(BART_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayward (BART station)">Hayward</a> and <a href="Richmond_Station_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Station (California)">Richmond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="MacArthur_station_(BART)" title="MacArthur station (BART)">MacArthur Station</a> is a relatively new development, with construction beginning in 2011 and scheduled for completion after 2019.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chicago">Chicago</h5></div>

Chicago passed its first TOD ordinances in 2013. The city of Chicago started building TODs around rail stations throughout the metropolitan area. There have been concerns that these TODs were excluding minorities since most of the TODs were built in mainly white areas therefore leaving minorities out of the picture when it came to access to transit oriented development neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The 2020 eTOD Policy Plan was created to fix the issues from the previous TOD plans, by creating more TOD developments in minority areas.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h3></div>

Compared to other developed economies, the car ownership rate in Hong Kong is very low, and approximately 90% of all trips are made by public transport.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

In the mid-20th century, no railway was built until an area was well developed. However, in recent decades, <a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> has started to have some TODs, where a railway is built simultaneously with residential development above or nearby, dubbed the "Rail plus Property" (R+P) Model.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Examples include:

<ul><li><a href="LOHAS_Park" title="LOHAS Park">LOHAS Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Olympian_City" title="Olympian City">Olympian City</a></li>

<li><a href="Tung_Chung" title="Tung Chung">Tung Chung</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_Square_(Hong_Kong)" title="Union Square (Hong Kong)">Union Square</a></li></ul>

The Rail plus Property model, which captures the <a href="Value_capture" title="Value capture">value capture</a> of land surrounding new public transport, allows Hong Kong to be one of the world's few profitable public transit systems, generating a profit of $1.5 billion in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Bandar_Malaysia" title="Bandar Malaysia">Bandar Malaysia</a></div>

<a href="Bandar_Malaysia" title="Bandar Malaysia">Bandar Malaysia</a> is an upcoming development by <a href="1Malaysia_Development_Berhad" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad">1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4></div>

Transit oriented development (TOD) areas are urban areas designed to integrate transit functions with people, activities, buildings and public spaces that aim to optimize access to public transportation. In Jakarta, <a href="MRT_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MRT Jakarta">PT MRT Jakarta</a> (Perseroda) will build TOD areas at five points along the south-north corridor of <a href="Jakarta_MRT" title="Jakarta MRT">MRT Jakarta</a>. The five points are <a href="Blok_M_BCA_MRT_station" title="Blok M BCA MRT station">Blok M</a>, <a href="Lebak_Bulus_Grab_MRT_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebak Bulus Grab MRT station">Lebak Bulus</a> and <a href="Fatmawati_Indomaret_MRT_station" title="Fatmawati Indomaret MRT station">Fatmawati</a> in <a href="South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a>, as well as <a href="Dukuh_Atas_TOD" title="Dukuh Atas TOD">Dukuh Atas</a> and <a href="Istora_Mandiri_MRT_station" title="Istora Mandiri MRT station">Istora Senayan</a> in <a href="Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a>. Each area has its own theme and concept according to the characteristics and needs of the local community. The TOD area is expected to provide benefits to the community, such as reducing congestion and air pollution, increasing a healthy and active lifestyle, expanding employment and economic opportunities, and creating added value for property.

One example of the <a href="Dukuh_Atas_TOD" title="Dukuh Atas TOD">Dukuh Atas TOD</a> is the transport hub that is being built by PT Moda Integrasi Transportasi Jabodetabek (MITJ) on Jalan Blora, in front of Sudirman Station. Transport hubs are vehicle exchange points and transit points where there is community interaction using transit. This transport hub will be a 20-storey building containing the Jakarta MRT office and other facilities. This transport hub will also be connected to the 250-meter Multipurpose Crossing Bridge (JPM) which connects various modes of public transportation in the Dukuh Atas area. The transport hub is expected to be operational in 2023.

Many TOD are now being constructed in <a href="Jabodetabek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabodetabek">Greater Jakarta</a> metro area such as <a href="Citra_Sentul_Raya" title="Citra Sentul Raya">Citra Sentul Raya</a> and <a href="Dukuh_Atas_TOD" title="Dukuh Atas TOD">Dukuh Atas TOD</a>. TOD are also being constructed in cities like <a href="Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, and <a href="Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4></div>

There has been a proposal to develop Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) around <a href="MRT_(Bangkok)" title="MRT (Bangkok)">mass transit stations</a> in Bangkok, as well as around high-speed rail stations in cities such as Ayutthaya, Khon Kaen, <a href="Makkasan_station" title="Makkasan station">Makkasan</a>, Pattaya, and Si Racha. In addition, there have been proposals for TOD around main regional railway stations. The TOD proposal aims to create walkable, mixed-use communities centered around transit stations, taking advantage of their convenient transportation access. This development is expected to bring a range of benefits, including increased economic activity, reduced traffic congestion, and improved quality of life for residents.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Melbourne,_Victoria">Melbourne, Victoria</h5></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Melbourne_2030" title="Melbourne 2030">Melbourne 2030</a></div>

<a href="Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> is expected to reach a population of 5 million by 2030 with the overwhelming majority of its residents relying on private automobiles. Since the turn of the century, sporadic efforts have been made by various levels of government to implement transit-oriented development principles. However, a lack of commitment to funding public transport infrastructure, resulting to overcrowding and amending zoning laws has dramatically slowed progress toward <a href="Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable development</a> for the city.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Milton,_Queensland">Milton, Queensland</h5></div>

<a href="Milton%2C_Queensland" title="Milton, Queensland">Milton</a>, an inner suburb of <a href="Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, has been identified as Queensland's first transit-oriented development under the Queensland Government's <a href="South_East_Queensland_Regional_Plan" title="South East Queensland Regional Plan">South East Queensland Regional Plan</a>. <a href="Milton_railway_station%2C_Brisbane" title="Milton railway station, Brisbane">Milton railway station</a> will undergo a multimillion-dollar revamp as part of the development of The Milton Residences to promote and encourage residents to embrace rail travel. This will include a new ticketing office, new public amenities, increased visibility across platforms and new and improved access points off Milton Road and Railway Terrace.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sydney,_New_South_Wales">Sydney, New South Wales</h5></div>

The <a href="New_South_Wales_State_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="New South Wales State Government">New South Wales State Government</a> has actively encouraged developments around stations on the <a href="Sydney_Trains" title="Sydney Trains">Sydney Trains</a> and <a href="Sydney_Metro" title="Sydney Metro">Sydney Metro</a> networks through its Priority Precincts plan.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Several stations such as <a href="Chatswood_railway_station" title="Chatswood railway station">Chatswood</a>, <a href="Burwood_railway_station%2C_Sydney" title="Burwood railway station, Sydney">Burwood</a>, <a href="Parramatta_railway_station" title="Parramatta railway station">Parramatta</a> and <a href="Rhodes_railway_station" title="Rhodes railway station">Rhodes</a> have had large scale apartment developments built within close proximity during the 2010s. New apartment and office tower developments along the future Sydney Metro stations are being planned as integrated developments with the stations themselves. Examples of this include <a href="Victoria_Cross_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Cross railway station">Victoria Cross station</a> and <a href="Crows_Nest_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Crows Nest railway station">Crows Nest station</a> whilst existing stations such as <a href="Castle_Hill_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Hill railway station">Castle Hill</a> and <a href="Epping_railway_station%2C_Sydney" title="Epping railway station, Sydney">Epping</a> have also had intensified development.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>

The <a href="Minns_ministry" title="Minns ministry">Minns government</a> has been embarking on a mission of reform regarding housing stock by up-zoning areas near stations despite the opposition of some local councils.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Newcastle,_New_South_Wales">Newcastle, New South Wales</h5></div>

<a href="Honeysuckle%2C_Newcastle" title="Honeysuckle, Newcastle">Honeysuckle</a> is an <a href="Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> developed on 50 hectares of former industrial land in <a href="Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>, NSW.<a href="#cite_note-:1-79">[79]</a> This project, carried out by the <a href="Honeysuckle_Development_Corporation" title="Honeysuckle Development Corporation">Honeysuckle Development Corporation</a>, has at its core the emerge of mixed residential and commercial areas commutable to the <a href="Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Newcastle Light Rail</a> and other alternative transport methods.<a href="#cite_note-:1-79">[79]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div>

The term transit-oriented development, as a US-born concept, is rarely used in Europe, although many of the measures advocated in US transit-oriented development are also stressed in Europe. Many European cities have long been built around transit systems and there has thus often been little or no need to differentiate this type of development with a special term as has been the case in the US. An example of this is Copenhagen's <a href="Finger_Plan" title="Finger Plan">Finger Plan</a> from 1947, which embodied many transit-oriented development aspects and is still used as an overall planning framework today. Recently, scholars and technicians have taken interest in the concept, however.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dublin,_Ireland">Dublin, Ireland</h4></div>

The area around <a href="Connolly_station" title="Connolly station">Connolly station</a>, in Dublin's City Centre is a candidate for much needed mixed use development. Additionally, sketches for the area around <a href="Heuston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuston railway station">Heuston railway station</a> as-well as regional city stations in <a href="Cork_Kent_railway_station" title="Cork Kent railway station">Cork</a>, <a href="Limerick_Colbert_railway_station" title="Limerick Colbert railway station">Limerick</a>, <a href="Galway_railway_station" title="Galway railway station">Galway</a> and <a href="Waterford_Plunkett_railway_station" title="Waterford Plunkett railway station">Waterford</a> have been drawn up in <a href="Iarnr%C3%B3d_Eireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Iarnród Eireann">Iarnród Eireann's</a> strategy 2027.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> which also includes plans for the expansion of the <a href="Dublin_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dublin Area Rapid Transit">Dublin Area Rapid Transit</a> through the DART+ programme.

Galway, Ireland

Galway County Council have created an Urban Framework Plan for the <a href="Townland" title="Townland">townlands</a> of Garraun North and South, located west of <a href="Oranmore" title="Oranmore">Oranmore</a>, home to <a href="Oranmore_railway_station" title="Oranmore railway station">Oranmore railway station</a> and is less than 10km (6.2 miles) from <a href="Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> city centre. The plan describes Garraun as a "Flagship development for County Galway, setting new standards in sustainable contemporary living, and with excellent access to public transport."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>

The plan includes an expansion of the station's car park to two stories and green space above, which will roll down into a public park. The plan describes three-storey mixed use buildings on the main road and lots of residential space. South of the railway station, an "EcoPark" is planned.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paris,_France">Paris, France</h4></div>

Whereas the city of Paris has a centuries-long history, its main frame dates to the 19th century. The <a href="Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">subway network</a> was made to solve both linkage between the five main train stations and local transportation assets for citizens. The whole area of Paris City has metro stations no more than 500 metres apart. Recent bicycle and car rental systems (<a href="Velib" class="mw-redirect" title="Velib">Velib</a> and <a href="Autolib" class="mw-redirect" title="Autolib">Autolib</a>) also ease travel, in the very same way that TOD emphasizes. So do the new trams linking suburbs close to Paris proper, and tramline 3 around the edge of the city of Paris.

The <a href="La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> area is an example of a large scale transit-oriented district.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stedenbaan,_Netherlands">Stedenbaan, Netherlands</h4></div>

In the southern part of the <a href="Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> a neighborhood according to the principles of TOD will be built.

In <a href="Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> the subway is used for a TOD program.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3></div>

TOD has been shown to reduce multiple types of emissions in Los Angeles during life-cycle assessments; greenhouse gasses, respiratory irritants, and smog forming emissions can be reduced by approximately 30% in TOD when compared to lower density areas. This is attributed to various factors including residents having more travel options, reduced travel distances for everyday activities, and higher density housing reducing energy use per residence.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-86">[86]</a> In Dhaka TOD can also aid in reducing travel related CO2 emissions on a community level, specifically for work and school trips, due to residents traveling less distance to these locations. And it is suggested that the improvements in public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle infrastructure that are associated with TOD and related policies may improve these reductions within Dhaka and other developing cities.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> However, TOD has also been found to be a major contributor to the urban heat island effect in Brisbane both having higher temperature and more rapidly increasing temperatures than non-TOD areas. This difference has been linked to TOD having a larger portion of non-porous land and less natural spaces, which must be considered when planning TOD.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3></div>

TOD, specifically along light rail transit lines, have been seen to increase the amount of new businesses in Phoenix within one mile of a station, with businesses in the knowledge, service, and retail industries experiencing 88%, 40%, and 24% more new starts respectively than non-TOD areas. However, a decrease in manufacturing facilities has also been noted in TOD; similar results are likely to be seen in other U.S. cities.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The value of condominiums in San Diego generally increases with decreasing distance from light rail transit stations, increasing walkability of neighborhoods, and increasing available services. This points to TOD as a preferable style of neighborhood to people, showing that market-driven creation of TOD neighborhoods may be possible in U.S. metropolitan areas.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Resident expenses in TOD have been shown to be lower in well developed areas in spite of the generally higher rental costs due to lower energy use and travel costs, in Los Angeles the savings are around $3100 per year for one household.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-86">[86]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3></div>

The studies on social impacts of TOD can be classified into three aspects. Behavioral impacts, psychological impacts and social impacts related to TOD induced gentrification and social inequality The social impact of TOD is categorized into three aspects:<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>

<ul><li>Behavioral impacts that are related to the effect on car use and travel behavior. First, since lowering car dependency and car ownership is one of the major goals of TOD, the existing studies consistently showed that TOD was negatively associated with car ownership.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Other studies focus on the influence of TOD on residents’ travel behaviors. Though it seems self-evident that residents living in TOD areas are easier and thus more likely to travel by public transport, the existence of residential differences and the TOD-reduced gentrification make the linkages between TOD and public travel trips complex.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li>

<li>Psychological impacts related to the subjective well-being and other sentiments. Studies on the psychological impacts of TOD mainly focus on subjective <a href="Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a>, especially satisfaction with the travel domain and the life in general. First, a series of studies have examined the effects of TOD on travel satisfaction. While traveling by public transit is usually less pleasant compared with driving or active travel, TOD as a well-defined transit area is likely to generate more comfortable traveling experiences.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Likewise, residents living within the TOD area tended to be more satisfied with public commuting.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Nonetheless, since travel is an important life domain, satisfaction with public transport system is expected to significantly contribute to overall wellbeing.</li>

<li>Impacts related to social inequality and TOD-induced gentrification. TOD is usually associated with regeneration of the old urban land use and increasing housing values, it may crowd out the low-income groups and cause large-scale residential mobility, significant neighborhood change and considerable upgrading of the TOD areas.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Accordingly, TOD-induced gentrification is an emerging topic in transportation research in the recent decade.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

One criticism of transit-oriented development is that it has the potential to spur <a href="Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> in low-income areas. In some cases, TOD can raise the housing costs of formerly affordable neighborhoods, pushing low- and moderate-income residents farther away from jobs and transit. When this happens, TOD projects can disrupt low-income neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> This can be very concerning due to the fact that lower income people tend to use (and need) transit more than higher income people.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>

When executed with equity in mind, however, TOD has the potential to benefit low- and moderate-income (LMI) communities: it can link workers to employment centers, create construction and maintenance jobs, and has the potential to encourage investment in areas that have suffered neglect and economic depression.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Moreover, it is well recognized that neighborhood development restrictions, while potentially in the immediate neighborhood's best interest, contribute to regional undersupply of housing and drive up the cost of housing in general across a region. TOD reduces the overall cost of housing in a region by contributing to the housing supply, and therefore generally improves equity in the housing market. TOD also reduces transportation costs, which can have a greater impact on LMI households since they spend a larger share of their income on transportation relative to higher-income households. This frees up household income that can be used on food, education, or other necessary expenses. Low-income people are also less likely to own personal vehicles and therefore more likely to depend exclusively on public transportation to get to and from work, making reliable access to transit a necessity for their economic success.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Transit city" redirects here. For the Canadian public transport development plan, see <a href="Transit_City" title="Transit City">Transit City</a>.</div>

TOD began in 1993 with the publication of <a href="Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a>'s book The Next American Metropolis. Calthorpe and his colleagues based their theory on the ideals of the <a href="Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>

A transit city is a type of city designed around the use of <a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a>. In such cities, urban development is centered around rail stations or tramlines.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[112]</a>

The transit city emerged in the industrial world around 1850, due to the advent of new transport technologies - the <a href="Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam train</a> and <a href="Tram" title="Tram">electric tram</a>. This facilitated faster travel, leading to larger cities, although most locations still remained within walking or bicycle distance.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[112]</a> During the period from 1850 to 1940, it was the dominant type of city in industrialized countries. In less-developed parts of the world, however, mass transit technology was not adopted as greatly, with many cities remaining <a href="Walking_city" title="Walking city">walking cities</a> up until the 1970s onwards, when they transformed directly into <a href="Automotive_city" title="Automotive city">automotive cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[112]</a>

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General:

<ul><li><a href="Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Principles_of_intelligent_urbanism" title="Principles of intelligent urbanism">Principles of intelligent urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Trail-oriented_development" title="Trail-oriented development">Trail-oriented development</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_consolidation" title="Urban consolidation">Urban consolidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Value_capture" title="Value capture">Value capture</a></li></ul>

</td>

Urban planning by mode prioritised:

<ul><li><a href="Automotive_city" title="Automotive city">Automotive city</a> – Urban planning prioritising automobiles</li>

<li><a href="Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">Bicycle-friendly</a> – Urban planning prioritising cycling</li>

<li><a href="Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Carfree city</a> – Urban area absent of motor vehicles</li>

<li><a href="Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a> – Transportation policy and design approach</li>

<li><a href="Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a> – Traffic calming in spaces shared between road users</li>

<li><a href="Pedestrian_village" title="Pedestrian village">Pedestrian village</a> – Urban planning for mixed-use areas prioritising pedestrians</li>

<li><a href="Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a> – Urban planning restricting through traffic of automobiles</li></ul>

</td>

Transit:

<ul><li><a href="Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">Streetcar suburb</a> – Residential community developed by streetcar lines</li>

<li><a href="Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a> – Urban street reserved for public transit, bicycles, and pedestrians</li>

<li><a href="Transit_metropolis" title="Transit metropolis">Transit metropolis</a> – Regional transit development</li>

<li><a href="Transit-proximate_development" title="Transit-proximate development">Transit-proximate development</a> – Urban planning prioritising automobiles and transit</li>

<li><a href="Transit_village" title="Transit village">Transit village</a> – Urban planning prioritising transit and pedestrians</li></ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchiller2010" class="citation book cs1">Schiller, Preston L. (2010). An introduction to sustainable transportation : policy, planning and implementation. Bruun, Eric Christian., Kenworthy, Jeffrey R., 1955-. London: Earthscan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84977-502-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/659549750">659549750</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tod.org">Transit Oriented Development Institute</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915112310/http://www.calgary.ca/todplanning/">Transit Oriented Development in Calgary, Alberta, Canada</a></li>

<li>(in Finnish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214225628/http://www.kaleva.fi/plus/index.cfm?j=698874">Transit oriented development growing in USA</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psrc.org/sites/default/files/tsdluguidancepaper.pdf">Transit-Supportive Densities and Land Uses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119105314/https://www.psrc.org/sites/default/files/tsdluguidancepaper.pdf">Archived</a> January 19, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.itdp.org/display/live/TOD+Standard">TOD Standard: Version 2.0</a>, <a href="Institute_for_Transportation_and_Development_Policy" title="Institute for Transportation and Development Policy">Institute for Transportation and Development Policy</a> (ITDP), November 2013.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frbsf.org/publications/community/investments/1008/index.html">Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Community Investments: Special Issue on TOD</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2391463/From_Intentions_to_Consequences_San_Diego_TOD_Design_Guidelines_and_Rio_Vista_West_Project">From Intentions to Consequences: San Diego TOD Design Guidelines and Rio Vista West Project</a> by Aseem Inam (<a href="American_Planning_Association" title="American Planning Association">American Planning Association</a>).</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/shrp2/SHRP2_S2-C16-RR-1.pdf">Effect of Smart Growth Policies on Travel Demand</a>, <a href="Transportation_Research_Board" title="Transportation Research Board">Transportation Research Board</a>, SHRP 2 Report S2-C16-RR-1, 2014.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/666992.pdf">Multiple Factors Influence Extent of Transit-Oriented Development</a>, <a href="Government_Accountability_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Accountability Office">U.S. Government Accountability Office</a>, November 2014.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trb.org/Publication/Blurbs.154989.aspx">Transit-Oriented Development in the United States: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects</a>, Transit Cooperative Research Program, TCRP Report 102, 2004.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islandpress.org/books/transit-metropolis">The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry</a>, Robert Cervero, 1998.</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li>

<li><a href="Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li>

<li><a href="City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li>

<li><a href="NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li>

<li><a href="YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li>

<li><a href="Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_community" title="Mining community">Mining community</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pit_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit village">Pit village</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li>

<li><a href="Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li>

<li><a href="Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li>

<li><a href="Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li>

<li><a href="Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li>

<li><a href="Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li>

<li><a href="Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li>

<li><a href="Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li>

<li><a href="Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li>

<li><a href="Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li>

<li><a href="Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li>

<li><a href="Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a></li>

<li><a href="Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li>

<li><a href="Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li>

<li><a href="Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/ practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edward_Bassett" title="Edward Bassett">Edward Bassett</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li>

<li><a href="Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li>

<li><a href="Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li>

<li><a href="Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li>

<li><a href="Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li>

<li><a href="Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li>

<li><a href="Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li>

<li><a href="Randal_O'Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Professional organizations</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_planning_in_Serbia" title="Spatial planning in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Taiwan" title="Urban planning in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urban_planning_of_Barcelona" title="Urban planning of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_of_Shanghai" title="Urban planning of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_of_Sydney" title="Urban planning of Sydney">Sydney</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Africa" title="Urban planning in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Communist countries</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Urban planning in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li>

<li><a href="Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ACities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li><a href="List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">List of planned cities</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_planning_journals" title="List of planning journals">List of planning journals</a></li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Urban planning">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_transport503" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Public_transport503" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">Bus service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bus_driver" title="Bus driver">driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li>

<li><a href="Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Trackless Tram</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">glossary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li>

<li><a href="Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li>

<li><a href="Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a>

<ul><li><a href="Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li>

<li><a href="Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li>

<li><a href="Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li>

<li><a href="People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li>

<li><a href="Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro/Rapid Transit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li>

<li><a href="Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li>

<li><a href="Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li>

<li><a href="Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li>

<li><a href="Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li>

<li><a href="Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li>

<li><a href="Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li>

<li><a href="Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li>

<li><a href="Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li>

<li><a href="Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li>

<li><a href="Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li>

<li><a href="Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li>

<li><a href="Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li>

<li><a href="Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li>

<li><a href="Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li>

<li><a href="Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a> and <a href="Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li>

<li><a href="Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li>

<li><a href="Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer_(public_transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li>

<li><a href="Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li>

<li><a href="Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li>

<li><a href="On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li>

<li><a href="Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li>

<li><a href="Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a>

<ul><li><a href="CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finnish_models_of_public_transport" title="Finnish models of public transport">Finnish models</a></li>

<li><a href="Karlsruhe_model" title="Karlsruhe model">Karlsruhe model</a></li>

<li><a href="Zurich_model" title="Zurich model">Zurich model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li>

<li><a href="Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Planka.nu" title="Planka.nu">Planka.nu</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li>

<li><a href="Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <a href="Portal%3ATransport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_transportation_planning76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Urban_transportation_planning76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Urban <a href="Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">transportation planning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forecasting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Land_use_forecasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use forecasting">Land use forecasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Trip_generation" title="Trip generation">Trip generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Mode_choice" title="Mode choice">Mode choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Route_assignment" title="Route assignment">Route assignment</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modes favoured</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automotive_city" title="Automotive city">Automotive city</a></li>

<li><a href="Bicycle_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle friendly">Bicycle friendly</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedestrian_village" title="Pedestrian village">Pedestrian village</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modal measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automobile_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dependency">Automobile dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Bicycle_counter" title="Bicycle counter">Bicycle counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycling_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling mobility">Cycling mobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_share" title="Modal share">Modal share</a></li>

<li><a href="Passengers_per_hour_per_direction" title="Passengers per hour per direction">Passengers per hour per direction</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_accessibility_level" title="Public transport accessibility level">Public transport accessibility level</a></li>

<li><a href="Traffic_count" title="Traffic count">Traffic count</a></li>

<li><a href="Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Transit-oriented_development&oldid=1301244153">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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